Crusaders : Jinke Naam Se Bhi "crusades" Ya "crusader States" Ki Ghatnayein Jani Jati Hain, Vah European Christian Warriors (yoddha) The Jo 11th Se 13th Century Ke Beech Mein Middle East, Particularly Holy Land (jisme Jerusalem Shamil Hai), Par Muslim Control Ko Wapas Lene Ke Liye Yuddh Karne Ke Liye Bheje Gaye The. Yeh Crusades (yuddh) Religious Aur Political Karanon Se Kiye Gaye The. Crusaders Primarily Roman Catholic Church Ke Prabhaav Ke Antargat The, Aur Unka Mukhya Uddeshya Tha Ke Woh Jerusalem Aur Holy Land Ko Wapas Christian Control Mein Le Aayen, Jahaan According To Christian Tradition, Jesus Christ Ki Crucifixion Aur Resurrection Hui Thi. Pahli Crusade 1096 Ce Mein Shuru Hui Thi, Aur Uske Baad Kai Aur Crusades Hui. Kuch Crusader States, Jaise Ki Kingdom Of Jerusalem, County Of Tripoli, County Of Edessa, Aur Principality Of Antioch, Middle East Mein Sthapit Ki Gayi Thi, Lekin Yeh States Muslim Rulers Ke Dabaav Mein Rehti Thi. Crusades Ke Dauraan, Europe Se Aaye Crusaders Ne Middle East Mein Kai Ladaiyan Ladi Aur Rajya Sthapit Kiye, Lekin Ant Mein Muslim Rulers Ne Inhein Bahut Kathorai Se Haraya Aur Middle East Ko Wapas Muslim Control Mein La Liya. Crusades Ke Prabhavit Hone Se Middle East Ke Saath Saath Europe Mein Bhi Social, Cultural, Aur Religious Parivartan Aaya.
Ayyubi Sultanate : Jo Ke Ayyubid Sultanate Ke Naam Se Bhi Jaani Jaati Hai, Ek Islamic Sultanate Thi Jo 12th Aur 13th Century Mein Middle East Mein Tha. Yeh Sultanate Kehlane Ka Mool Uddeshya Jerusalem Aur Holy Land Ki Freedom Aur Protection Thi, Jinhe Crusaders (frankish Christians) Ke Dwara Kiye Gaye Attacks Se Bachana Tha. Ayyubi Sultanate Ke Shasak, Jaise Ki Sultan Saladin (salahuddin Ayyubi), Ne Crusaders Ke Khilaf Multiple Crusades (yuddh) Mein Ladai Ladi. Unki Sabse Prasiddh Vijay Crusader States Ke Khilaf Thi, Jismein Se Ek Important Vijay Battle Of Hattin (1187 Ce) Thi. Is Vijay Ke Baad, Saladin Ne Jerusalem Ko Fatah Kiya Aur Isse Crusaders Ko Holy Land Se Bahar Nikala. Ayyubi Sultanate Ka Mool Uddeshya Muslim Unity Thi, Aur Unka Prayaas Tha Ke Woh Muslim Territories Ko Crusaders Aur Other Invaders Se Bachaye Rakhein. Is Prayaas Mein Unka Safalta Hasil Hui, Jiske Parinaam Swaroop Jerusalem Aur Holy Land Ka Control Firse Muslim Rulers Ke Haath Mein Aa Gaya. Ayyubi Sultanate Ke Zamane Mein Science, Literature, Aur Architecture Mein Bhi Vikas Hua Tha, Jisse Middle East Ke Culture Aur Civilization Mein Bhi Sudhar Hua.
Ottoman Empire : Ottoman Empire Ek Bada Aur Pramukh Islamic Aur Turkish Empire Tha Jo 14th Century Se Lekar 20th Century Tak (1299-1922 Ce) Exist Kiya. Yeh Empire Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), Southeast Europe, Middle East, Aur North Africa Mein Spread Hua Tha. Ottoman Empire Ka Mool Uddeshya Initially Anatolia Ke Ek Chote Se Beylik (princely State) Se Start Hua Tha, Jise Osman I Ne Sthapit Kiya Tha, Aur Uske Baad Gradually Expand Hua. Empire Ki Ek Pramukh Visheshta Yeh Thi Ki Woh Religious Tolerance Ka Palan Karte The Aur Alag-alag Dharmo Ke Logon Ko Apni Hukumat Mein Shamil Kar Lete The. Ottoman Empire Ne Apni Hukumat Mein Bahut Se Diverse Cultures Aur Communities Ko Shaamil Kiya, Jaise Ki Turks, Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Aur Kurds. Iska Ek Pramukh Shahar Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) Tha, Jo Empire Ki Capital Thi. Empire Ka Sabse Pramukh Shasak Sultan Suleiman The Magnificent (suleiman I) The, Jo 16th Century Mein Raj Kiya Tha Aur Empire Ko Ek Sashakt Aur Mahatvapurn Sthan Par Pahunchaya Tha. Ottoman Empire Europe, Middle East, Aur North Africa Mein Apni Hukumat Ka Prasar Kiya Tha Aur Duniya Ka Ek Pramukh Empire Ban Gaya Tha. Lekin 19th Aur 20th Century Mein Empire Ke Andar Internal Conflicts, Economic Problems, Aur External Pressures Ke Karan Decline Hone Laga. Empire World War I Ke Baad Collapse Hua Aur 1922 Mein Officially Dissolve Ho Gaya. Iske Sthan Par Modern-day Turkey Ki Sthapna Hui. Ottoman Empire Ki Collapse Ke Baad Middle East Ke Kuch Hisson Mein Modern-day Countries Jaise Ki Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Aur Lebanon Bane.
Israil : Israil, Officially "medinat Yisrael" (मेडिनत यिस्राइल) In Hebrew, Ek Sovereign Country Hai Jo Middle East Mein Sthit Hai. Israil Mediterranean Sea Ke Kinare Par Sthit Hai Aur Uski Seemaayein Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Aur Egypt Ke Saath Milti Hain. Israil Ka Uddeshya Ek Jewish Homeland Ka Nirman Hai, Aur Yah 1948 Mein Bani Thi, Jab British Mandate Palestine Ke Antargat Se Alag Hokar Astitva Prapt Ki. Yah Sthapana Israel Independence Day Ke Roop Mein Manayi Jati Hai. Israil Ek Democratic Republic Hai, Jismein President Aur Prime Minister Ke Netritva Mein Ek Pratinidhi Loktantra (representative Democracy) Ka Pravartan Hota Hai. Yah Desh Kushal Economy, Modern Technology, Aur Vibrant Culture Ke Liye Jaana Jaata Hai. Jerusalem Israil Ki Rajdhani Hai, Lekin Iska Status Vishesh Taur Par Chetra Ke History Aur Geopolitics Ke Karan Chintit Hai. Yah Bhi Mahatvapurn Hai Ki Israil Aur Palestine Ke Beech Kshetriya Vivad (israeli-palestinian Conflict) Jari Hai, Jismein Dono Desh Ke Arthik, Rajneetik, Aur Sampradayik Muddon Ka Prashn Hai, Aur Iska Samadhan Antararashtriya Star Par Chunautipurn Hai. Israil Ke Pramukh Bhasha Hebrew Aur Arabic Hai, Aur Yahan Ki Jansankhya Mein Jews, Arabs, Aur Kai Anya Samuday Sthit Hain. Yah Ek Dharmik Taur Par Mahatvapurn Sthal Hai, Jahan Ke Kai Dharmik Sthal Hain, Jaise Ki Jerusalem Mein Masjid Al-aqsa, Western Wall, Aur Holy Sepulchre Church, Jo Ke Christianity, Islam, Aur Judaism Ke Liye Mahatvapurn Hain.
Mamluk Sultanate : Ek Islamic Sultanate Thi, Jo Egypt Aur Syria Ke Kuch Hisson Ko Apni Hukumat Mein Rakhti Thi. Yeh Sultanate 13th Century Se Lekar 16th Century Tak (1250-1517 Ce) Exist Karti Thi. Iska Naam "mamluk" (مملوك) Arabic Word "mamluk" Se Aaya Tha, Jo "slave" Ya "owned" Ka Matlab Hota Hai, Kyunki Is Sultanate Ke Sultans Ki Bahut Badi Sankhya Un Logon Ki Thi Jo Slaves (ghulam) Se Uddharan Mile The. Mamluk Sultanate Egypt Ke Ayyubid Sultanate Ke Khilaf Ek Svatantra Hukumat Sthapit Karne Mein Kaamyaab Rahi. Is Sultanate Ki Sthapna 1250 Mein Mamluk Commanders Ne Ki Thi, Aur Uske Baad Mamluk Sultans Ne Egypt Aur Syria Ka Kabza Kiya. Mamluk Sultanate Ka Shasan Dharmik Taur Par Bhi Mahatvapurn Tha, Aur Unhone Islam Ko Promote Kiya Aur Masjidein Aur Islamic Institutions Ki Sthapna Ki.1517 Mein, Ottoman Empire Ke Sultan Selim I Ne Mamluk Sultanate Ko Fatah Kar Liya, Jisse Is Sultanate Ka Ant Ho Gaya, Aur Egypt Aur Syria Ottoman Empire Ke Adhin Aa Gaye.